Russia's Hybrid War

The rating above answers one question: is Russia behind these attacks? It moves on the strongest evidence anywhere in the campaign. The evidence is not equally strong everywhere, and this section shows where it stands.

New reporting from major outlets and official sources, listed as it appears. Our monitoring adds headlines from major outlets automatically. "Checked" means our software fetched the full report and confirmed it supports its headline. "Reviewed" means an editor checked it against its source. "Auto" items have not been checked yet. Tap a label for our note. None of this is an endorsement. Our assessment is the rating above.

• 22 Oct, 12:00 PM
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  An editor checked this report against its source. (2026-10-22)
  The America-Ukraine link grows even spottier (The Economist)
• 22 Oct, 11:35 AM
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  Not checked yet. Listed automatically because it comes from a major outlet or official source.
  German military ‘classifies threat of Russian sabotage as significant for first time’ (The Independent)
• 22 Oct, 6:18 AM
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  Not checked yet. Listed automatically because it comes from a major outlet or official source.
  Manifestations en France : Macron accuse des dirigeants étrangers d'exploiter les émeutes (BBC)
• 21 Oct, 10:28 PM
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  An editor checked this report against its source. (2026-10-22)
  Live: Paris bans protests after violent unrest as Macron takes swipe at Trump (France 24)
• 21 Oct, 5:03 PM
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  An editor checked this report against its source. (2026-10-22)
  In run-up to mass protests and riots, pro-Russian accounts amplified French anger, NGO finds (France 24)
• 21 Oct, 4:51 PM
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  An editor checked this report against its source. (2026-10-22)
  German military classifies threat of Russian sabotage as 'significant' for first time, German media reports (The Kyiv Independent)
• 21 Oct, 2:00 PM
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  An editor checked this report against its source. (2026-10-22)
  Germany's military warns of 'significant' Russian sabotage threat (Reuters)
• 21 Oct, 11:13 AM
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  An editor checked this report against its source. (2026-10-21)
  A Milano arrivano droni e 500 parà per evitare disordini (Euronews.com)
• 21 Oct, 11:11 AM
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  An editor checked this report against its source. (2026-10-21)
  Italy Is Looking Into Whether Russian Agents Helped Fuel Riots (Bloomberg.com)
• 21 Oct, 11:06 AM
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  An editor checked this report against its source. (2026-10-21)
  Après les heurts à Milan, l'Italie adopte des lois anti-émeutes plus strictes (France 24)

All 125 sources →

The rating measures how well the claim that Russia is behind these attacks is supported by evidence, not how plausible it seems. It stands at Attributed because four governments have formally blamed Russia and acted on it. Any one of these would move it.

• not seenCharges with evidence: an indictment or court filing in any of these cases (Leipzig, the Starlink fires, the drone-factory arsons, the riots) that names a Russian service, handler or payment, or such details disclosed at the Polish suspects’ extradition hearings in Germany. This would move the rating to Proven.
• not seenA court finding that a Russian service ordered or paid for one of these attacks. This would move the rating to Proven.
• not seenReleased intelligence: the United States, NATO, the EU or a European government publishing or describing on the record the evidence behind the findings the Wall Street Journal reported. Evidence showing Russian services directed the attacks would move the rating to Proven.
• not seenThe Kremlin warning confirmed: the German government confirming on the record that a Russian official warned Berlin after Leipzig.
• not seenOrganized or paid rioting: an official attribution, charges or documented paid recruitment showing a foreign state organized or paid for violence in France or Italy. Online amplification alone does not count.
• not seenEvidence pointing elsewhere: charges or court findings showing that suspects acted for another state, for money with no Russian link, or for their own reasons, or a government withdrawing its attribution. This would move the rating down.
• seenAnother attack on a Starlink or satellite ground station in Europe. On Oct. 18 an attempt to burn satellite antennas and a control unit at a Lithuanian firm storing Starlink equipment was foiled (LRT).
• seenForeign online amplification of the riots: documented for Russia’s Matryoshka network and, by France’s own attribution, Iran’s Foreign Ministry accounts. On its own it does not move the rating.

The campaign

• US intelligence: Putin ordered it. People familiar with US intelligence findings told the Wall Street Journal that Putin personally ordered an intensified campaign of sabotage and covert operations against NATO countries, after neither fighting nor talks with Washington had moved Ukraine to accept his demands. CIA Director John Ratcliffe, after a trip to Moscow, told European intelligence counterparts and some politicians that Moscow is stepping up sabotage against their countries. The Journal reports that sabotage incidents have risen sharply since Leipzig (WSJ; Meduza summary). The findings have not been released.
• A warning to Berlin. After German authorities uncovered the Leipzig attempt, a Kremlin official contacted a counterpart in the German government and warned that Leipzig would not be Moscow’s last target, the Journal reports, without naming the official (WSJ; Meduza summary). Berlin has not confirmed it on the record.
• Paris had warned of this a month earlier. On Sept. 18 Macron briefed party leaders and presidential candidates in a confidential Élysée meeting on Russia’s hybrid threats; afterwards he said “the threat — particularly the Russian hybrid threat — facing Europeans and France has intensified” (Reuters).

Sabotage and arson

• Latvia: a “Black Rus” group at the Belarus border. On the night of Oct. 5–6, armed, masked men tried to bring 20 migrants from Belarus into Latvia, threatened soldiers and later damaged border equipment. A Belarus-based group calling itself «Чёрные русы» (“Black Rus”) claimed it on Telegram and promised more. Latvia’s State Security Service opened a criminal case on Oct. 9 for creating a criminal organization to commit crimes against peace and against Latvia and Ukraine. Jānis Sārts, director of NATO’s Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence in Riga, says no such independent group exists: “What they are doing there now is a pure information operation” (LSM, archived). On Oct. 19 the group’s Telegram channel posted a photo of QR-code stickers bearing its name, captioned “October in Vilnius is especially beautiful” (Telegram, the group’s own post); we have found no report that the stickers were put up.
• Germany: an explosive drone at Leipzig airport. On Aug. 4 an explosive-laden drone was found near a Ukrainian cargo plane at Leipzig/Halle Airport and defused. The Wall Street Journal reports that German officials say three explosive drones flown by Russian military-intelligence agents were involved: one hit an Antonov freighter used to carry military aid to Ukraine but did not explode, one struck another plane and one detonated near the airport perimeter (WSJ). On Sept. 1 Interior Minister Alexander Dobrindt said intelligence points to “people being involved who acted on behalf of Russian state entities,” without naming them: “Taken together, the police investigations, the pattern and intelligence findings prove a Russian responsibility.” Germany ordered Russia’s consulate in Bonn closed. Russia’s Foreign Ministry called the claims a “far-fetched and contrived pretext” (NPR). No arrests or charges in the case have been reported. On Oct. 21 Germany’s defence ministry said the armed forces face “a significant sabotage threat overall,” the second-highest level and the first time it has been set that high; Süddeutsche Zeitung reports the change followed the discovery in September of an explosives-laden drone near the Wunstorf air base, the first time the military itself was targeted (Reuters, via the Kyiv Independent).
• Estonia: arson at a military robotics firm. A fire hit a Tallinn building used by Milrem, which makes military robotic vehicles, on the night of Aug. 14–15. Three Latvian citizens were detained and handed to Estonia. After a six-week investigation, the government said “with full confidence” that the arson “was an act of sabotage commissioned by the special services of the Russian Federation” (Defense News).
• Poland: arson at a drone factory. Prime Minister Donald Tusk said there is “no doubt” that an Aug. 31 fire at a drone plant in Skarżysko-Kamienna “was deliberate arson, meaning an act of sabotage,” and called it “a continuation of Russia’s escalatory actions throughout the region” (Notes from Poland). No arrests have been reported.
• Slovakia: a foiled plot. In late August police foiled a planned napalm attack on a factory producing drones for Ukraine. Three foreign nationals were charged with preparing “an especially serious crime of general endangerment, committed as accomplices for hire”; one was arrested in Germany (OCCRP). Slovakia has not attributed the plot to any state.
• Poland: arson at a Starlink ground station. On the evening of September 23 a fire hit the power system and backup generator at a ground station at Wola Krobowska, south of Warsaw, owned by the state telecom operator Exatel and used to carry Starlink traffic, including to Ukraine. The station kept operating (Al Jazeera, The Local). Two days later Poland's National Prosecutor's Office said the fire “was the result of arson” and that there was “reasonable suspicion that the perpetrators acted on the orders of the Russian special services,” aiming to disrupt Starlink in Poland and other Central and Eastern European countries; at that point no one had been charged (PAP).
• Four people detained in Germany. On October 12 Prime Minister Donald Tusk announced that two Turkish citizens had been detained in Germany at Poland's request, calling it “another act of hybrid warfare” (Notes from Poland). Poland's police chief said investigators have records of their movements, recordings, fingerprints and DNA (Notes from Poland). A woman and a man were later detained in Berlin; Polish radio reported that the woman may have driven the two men (The Local). The suspects are expected to face charges of sabotage on behalf of a foreign intelligence service (Al Jazeera).
• Poland's ministers name Russia, but the evidence is not public. “We have no doubt that Russian services are behind this act of sabotage,” said Tomasz Siemoniak, the minister coordinating the special services, adding that Russia increasingly uses “individuals linked to the criminal underworld” (Al Jazeera). No handler, payment or recruitment channel has been published, and no court has ruled.
• Bulgaria: Starlink antennas burned near Sofia. An opposition MP first revealed the fire, saying 11 of 17 Starlink antennas at a site near Sofia had been set alight by two masked men. On October 14 Prime Minister Rumen Radev confirmed an arson investigation, “extremely intensive” and run with partner services, and asked the head of the national security agency not to disclose details. Asked why he would not name Russia, he said: “everything is clear to us, but the investigation must be completed” (Sofia Globe). At a Sofia court hearing on Oct. 19, the court heard that three antennas were destroyed, two partly burned and three damaged, and that the fire risked spreading to the site’s administrative building. The two accused, German citizens born in 2007, entered Bulgaria as tourists at 5:37 a.m. on Oct. 9 and left for Serbia at 11:55 p.m. that night. Defence lawyers said the camera footage shows only silhouettes (Marica; Stolica). The court’s ruling is not final.
• Ukraine warned of exactly this. In early October Ukraine's military intelligence told partners that Russian services planned sabotage in EU and NATO countries and named “Starlink satellite internet receiving stations located in European countries” among potential targets (Liga). A warning of intent, not evidence about either fire.
• Moscow has said it wants Starlink stopped. Former space chief Dmitry Rogozin wrote in July that destroying Starlink would end the war in two to three weeks (Euromaidan Press). In August Tsargrad’s owner, Konstantin Malofeev, relayed Sergey Glazyev’s call to disable the enemy’s communications satellites, “including the notorious Starlink constellation,” and to cut communications on land and under the sea (Tsargrad, archived; our translation). On Oct. 4 Dmitry Medvedev, deputy head of Russia’s Security Council, warned that if Russia’s own Rassvet satellite network were blocked, “their low-orbit Starlink satellites would come tumbling down like ornaments from a dried-up Christmas tree” (Yeni Şafak). A leaked 2023 Russian-Chinese plan escalates from regulatory pressure and jamming to cyberattacks and destroying satellites (The Insider). None of these names ground stations. They record intent, not evidence about the fires.
• Lithuania: a foiled arson attempt. At about 02:00 on October 18, someone tried to burn “satellite antennas and a control unit” at a Lithuanian company storing Starlink equipment, Prime Minister Mindaugas Sinkevičius said. Security services had warned the firm, which had stepped up security, and the attempt failed; incendiary liquids were found in containers of three to 10 litres. He said “it is likely that it is already clear who commissioned it – it is the Russian side,” and tied it to similar incidents in Poland and Bulgaria. A pre-trial investigation is open; no suspects have been reported detained (LRT). Foreign Minister Kęstutis Budrys said the target was Starlink infrastructure near Vilnius and its purpose “to undermine a capability critical to Ukraine’s defence and civilian communications,” calling it a direct consequence of Russia’s war against Ukraine (X: Budrys). Vilmantas Vitkauskas, head of the National Crisis Management Centre, said it “was not a routine arson attack but an act of sabotage,” linked to earlier arson attacks on Starlink stations in Bulgaria and Poland: “Ukraine is the target” (Reuters). After the National Security Commission met on Oct. 19, Sinkevičius said attackers used incendiary liquids and Molotov cocktails; “the antennas did not catch fire; the control unit was slightly scorched.” SpaceX rents the premises from a Lithuanian company, and the head of the crisis centre said a successful attack would probably have disrupted communications. Lithuania is raising the alert level at more than 15 critical-infrastructure sites and assigning troops to guard them (Delfi/ELTA).
• Russia has not answered. The Russian embassy in Warsaw did not reply to Al Jazeera; Moscow has dismissed similar accusations in the past as baseless (Al Jazeera).

Riots in France and Italy

• France, Oct. 17: a national cost-of-living day drew about 550,000 people by the Interior Ministry’s count (Al Jazeera). Violence followed after dark in Paris, Lyon, Marseille and other cities; the 19th-century town hall in Limoges burned and is “largely lost,” the local prefect said (France 24). The call to protest began on TikTok, after weeks of school blockades over teacher shortages and conditions (Public Sénat).
• Limoges investigation: prosecutors opened an arson investigation for destruction “en bande organisée” (by an organized group), handled by their organized-crime unit; 17 people, including seven minors, are in custody. The prosecutor said the charge may change; no foreign link has been mentioned (Actu.fr).
• Italy, Oct. 16–17: the CGIL union’s cost-of-living march in Rome was peaceful; separate youth groups clashed with police in Milan, Turin and Bologna (LaPresse; Sky TG24). Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni: “Manifestare è un diritto. Mettere a ferro e fuoco le nostre città non lo è” (“Protest is a right. Setting our cities ablaze is not”) (LaPresse).
• Russia’s fake-news network is amplifying the unrest. NewsGuard counted about 20 fake reports about the French protests from the Kremlin-linked Matryoshka network in two days, including a fake AFP story about the Pope and a fake Deutsche Welle story about dead teachers; it reported little traffic so far (Eunews, citing NewsGuard). AntiBot4Navalny logged Matryoshka videos falsely tying the protests to France’s Oct. 6 missile test (The Insider, citing AntiBot4Navalny). Historian David Colon counted 10 more on Oct. 19, pushed by bots, with very little organic reach on X (X).
• France has officially blamed Iran, not Russia, for disinformation about the protests. On Oct. 7 it summoned Iran’s ambassador over false content spread by official accounts of Iran’s Foreign Ministry: “These disgraceful provocations must stop” (KUNA, via Kuwait Times). It is the only official attribution to a foreign state so far, and it concerns online content, not organizing violence.
• Most viral fakes were not Russian. NewsGuard traced old protest clips passed off as new to accounts chasing ad revenue and to anti-immigration users (Eunews, citing NewsGuard).
• Russia has paid for unrest in France before, on a small scale. A Paris court sentenced four Bulgarians over the red hands painted on the Holocaust memorial in 2024; court documents described paid proxies sent to “stoke social tensions” (AP). A Serbian court found that Russian intelligence “structures” gave orders and money for pig heads left at Paris mosques in 2025 (Forum 18). France blamed Russia’s Doppelgänger network for amplifying the 2023 Stars of David graffiti (PBS NewsHour). Each was a small, paid, symbolic act, not mass unrest.
• Russia’s official line: Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova has condemned French police for beating schoolchildren (Rosbalt). On Oct. 19 Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told the Defence Ministry’s Zvezda channel: “Nobody anywhere takes such absurd accusations seriously any more. Even in Europe itself” (Izvestia; The Moscow Times). The same day Zakharova posted a video of riots in France, Italy and Albania that asks “Is it the Russians?” and answers: “No, Europeans attacked the ‘blooming garden’” (RIA Novosti). Linked as the record of the Kremlin’s position, not as evidence.
• Oct. 21: Paris and Rome look for a foreign hand, but have not found one. Macron: “There is no visible foreign interference in the events that took place, but there has been foreign manipulation of information in the aftermath” (Bloomberg). Prime Minister Meloni has asked to be briefed on what role, if any, foreign provocateurs played (Bloomberg). Italy’s ministers disagree: Defence Minister Guido Crosetto suggested Russia played a role, while Interior Minister Matteo Piantedosi said “we have no grounds to say anything” about Russian direction, though he saw a clear difference between young people’s spontaneity and the “solid and significant” organizing and encouragement of their participation (MilanoToday). An EU official told Euronews the Commission has no confirmation that foreign information manipulation is behind the events (Euronews).

Several communist groups helped build the Oct. 17 mobilization or marched in it, by their own accounts, and some have documented ties to Moscow. These are relationships, not evidence that Russia directed or paid for the protests or the violence, so they do not move the rating. The map of these ties comes from an investigation by @Restitutor_, “The French Section” (a working draft); we checked each fact below against its primary source.

• Mouvement Lycéen: the network behind the school blockades is published by the Mouvement des Jeunes Communistes de France, the French Communist Party’s youth wing, from the party’s Paris headquarters (legal notice).
• PRCF: the Pôle de Renaissance Communiste en France says its flags were in the Oct. 17 marches, called for a general strike, and ended with a call for “a Communist International” (PRCF). In October 2022 its Moscow representative handed Russia’s Communist Party (KPRF) “a financial contribution” toward aid for Donbas and gave an interview to Russian state TV, the PRCF reports (PRCF).
• URC: the Union pour la Reconstruction Communiste said on the night of Oct. 17 that “popular anger is protean, sometimes violent,” and called for work “to amplify the movement” (URC).
• OCF: the Organisation Communiste de France, founded in January by members who say they were expelled from or left the PRCF (OCF), called workers, students and retirees “to turn out massively” at the Oct. 17 demonstrations (OCF). Its outlet, Jeunesse du Monde, has released an interview recorded in March in occupied Donetsk with Boris Litvinov, the Russian Communist Party’s leader there, co-produced with the French site Le Grand Soir (Jeunesse du Monde).
• A shared platform: the PRCF and both groups that merged to form URC signed the World Anti-Imperialist Platform’s Paris Declaration, as did the KPRF and SOVINTERN (signatory list).
• SOVINTERN: the Moscow-based “International Socialist Network,” whose organizing committee is chaired by Alexander Babakov, a deputy chairman of Russia’s State Duma (SOVINTERN). US prosecutors charged Babakov and two aides in 2022 with running a Russian foreign influence and disinformation network (CNBC). Its Moscow node, headed by Duma deputy Alexander Vorobyov (EADaily), posted on Oct. 12: “The red banner over France. Youth demands justice” (Telegram). The investigation matches him to the Aleksandr Vorobev charged with Babakov.
• Calls for violence from Russia: on Oct. 17 the Telegram channel of the writer and A Just Russia politician Zakhar Prilepin forwarded a post calling for “a real guerrilla war in the cities of France, with killings of French police officers and officials” (Telegram).

The most-shared claims, and what public sources can confirm.

• Extradition hearings in Germany and formal charges in Poland, which could make the evidence in the Starlink case public.
• Any German government confirmation of the Kremlin warning the Wall Street Journal reported, or release of the US findings.
• Charges in the Leipzig case and in the drone-factory arsons.
• Whether Germany arrests the two Bulgarian suspects, and arrests or charges in Lithuania.
• Further attacks on airports, defence plants or satellite ground stations; casualties; or a request for NATO consultations under Article 4.
• The French and Italian intelligence inquiries into the riots: whether they name a state and describe evidence. Italy’s CGIL has called a general strike for Nov. 20 (LaPresse).
• France’s next nationwide protests on Saturday, Oct. 24: Lyon has banned all demonstrations and Paris has banned protests near key sites, with 20% more police and soldiers deployed; President Macron met the intelligence services on Oct. 22 (France 24).
• Reports from researchers who measure coordinated accounts (DFRLab, CheckFirst, ISD, NewsGuard), and EU action against platforms under the Digital Services Act.

• Aug 4An explosive drone is found near a Ukrainian cargo plane at Leipzig/Halle Airport (NPR).
• Aug 15Arson at a building used by the Estonian military robotics firm Milrem in Tallinn; three Latvians are detained (Defense News).
• Late AugSlovak police foil a planned arson attack on a factory producing drones for Ukraine; three foreign nationals are charged (OCCRP).
• Aug 31Fire at a drone plant in Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland; Tusk calls it sabotage (Notes from Poland).
• Sep 1Germany says Russia was responsible for the Leipzig attempt and orders Russia’s Bonn consulate closed (NPR).
• Sep 18Macron briefs party leaders on Russia’s hybrid threat, saying it has intensified (Reuters).
• Sep 23Fire at the Starlink ground station at Wola Krobowska, Poland (The Local).
• Sep 25Polish prosecutors open a sabotage investigation and cite “reasonable suspicion” of Russian orders (PAP).
• Late SepSchool blockades over teacher shortages and conditions spread in France (Public Sénat).
• Sep 29Estonia says Russian special services commissioned the Milrem arson (Defense News).
• Early OctUkraine's military intelligence warns that Starlink ground stations in Europe are potential Russian targets (Liga).
• Oct 6Armed, masked men push 20 migrants across the Belarus border into Latvia; a group calling itself “Black Rus” claims it (LSM, archived).
• Oct 7France summons Iran’s ambassador over disinformation about the protests (KUNA, via Kuwait Times).
• Oct 7NewsGuard reports about 20 Matryoshka fakes about the protests in two days (Eunews, citing NewsGuard).
• Oct 9Starlink antennas burned at the Plana teleport near Sofia (Sofia Globe).
• Oct 9Latvia’s State Security Service opens a criminal case against the “Black Rus” group (LSM, archived).
• Oct 12Tusk announces two Turkish citizens detained in Germany; Siemoniak: “no doubt” Russia is behind it (Al Jazeera).
• Oct 13Two more people detained in Berlin (The Local).
• Oct 14Radev confirms the Bulgarian arson investigation (Sofia Globe).
• Oct 16Der Spiegel, citing sources in several countries, reports the two Turkish suspects may belong to, or have been hired by, the Turkish crime gang known as the Daltons, which it says Russian intelligence may have commissioned; a court in Stuttgart will decide on extradition to Poland (Meduza, Euronews).
• Oct 16Student marches across Italy; stones thrown in Turin (Sky TG24).
• Oct 17About 550,000 march in France; violence in Paris, Lyon, Marseille; Limoges town hall burns (Al Jazeera; France 24). Clashes in Milan, Turin and Bologna (Sky TG24).
• Oct 18An arson attempt at a Lithuanian firm storing Starlink equipment is foiled; the prime minister blames Russia (LRT).
• Oct 18Limoges prosecutors open an organized-group arson investigation; 17 in custody, seven of them minors (Actu.fr).
• Oct 19A Sofia court approves European arrest warrants for two German citizens charged in absentia; they left Bulgaria the night of the fire (AP; Marica).
• Oct 19Lithuania raises security at more than 15 critical-infrastructure sites after the National Security Commission meets (Delfi/ELTA).
• Oct 19Historian David Colon counts 10 more Matryoshka fakes about the protests, pushed by bots, with very little organic reach on X (X).
• Oct 20Italy’s defence minister calls the Milan riots part of a “hybrid war”; he names no country (The Independent).
• Oct 21Germany’s defence ministry raises the military’s sabotage-threat rating to “significant,” its second-highest level (Reuters).
• Oct 21The Wall Street Journal reports US intelligence found Putin personally ordered stepped-up sabotage against NATO countries; Macron says there was “no visible foreign interference” in France’s riots (WSJ; Meduza summary; Bloomberg).

• PAP via xyz.pl: National Prosecutor's Office statement, September 25
• Al Jazeera: Poland says two Turks arrested over Russia-linked Starlink station fire
• Notes from Poland: Germany detains Turks suspected of sabotaging Starlink station
• The Local: Germany detains fourth person over Polish Starlink blaze
• Sofia Globe: Bulgarian PM says investigation into arson of Starlink antennas underway
• Liga: Ukraine's military intelligence warns of Russian plans against Starlink stations
• Eunews, citing NewsGuard: Matryoshka fakes about the French protests (Oct. 7)
• The Insider, citing AntiBot4Navalny (Oct. 8)
• AP: red-hands sentences (Nov. 2025)
• France 24: Limoges town hall fire (Oct. 17)
• Sky TG24: Italy clashes (Oct. 18)
• Wall Street Journal: Airfield attack marked opening shot in Putin’s stepped-up sabotage campaign (Oct. 21)
• NPR: Germany blames Russia for attempted drone attack at Leipzig airport (Sept. 2)
• Defense News: Estonia blames Russia in arson attack on military robotics firm Milrem (Sept. 29)
• Meduza, citing the Wall Street Journal: Kremlin warned Germany after Leipzig airport sabotage (Oct. 21)
• Bloomberg: Macron accuses foreign leaders of exploiting France’s riots (Oct. 21)
• Euronews: France and Italy blame foreign powers for riots, but where’s the evidence? (Oct. 21)